The Scientific Council of the SCOR Foundation has decided to fund the research project “Fairness of predictive models: an application to insurance markets” until its anticipated completion date in three years (2023-2025). The project will be led by the University of Quebec and directed by Arthur Charpentier, professor in the mathematics department of the University of Quebec in Montreal. This project aims to propose corrections to the automatic artificial intelligence algorithms that can be used to determine the optimal pricing of individual policies in order to remove or limit the biases likely to generate inequities or even discrimination based on gender, race, religion, origin, etc. in the coverage offered by insurers or reinsurers to policyholders. The subject is of both theoretical (better control of black boxes constituted by models based on artificial intelligence algorithms) and practical (reduction of the risks of discrimination and inequity) interest. From this point of view, it is very topical for insurers and reinsurers facing major reputational challenges in the context of the growing importance of social networks. In addition to his role at the University of Quebec, Arthur Charpentier is a member of the Institute of Actuaries, internationally recognized expert in actuarial science, author of numerous academic articles published in renowned academic actuarial journals in both nationally and internationally.
The non-life insurance sector operates within a highly competitive and tightly regulated framework, confronting a pivotal juncture in the formulation of pricing strategies. Insurers are compelled to harness a range of statistical methodologies and available data to construct optimal pricing structures that align with the overarching corporate strategy while accommodating the dynamics of market competition. Given the fundamental societal role played by insurance, premium rates are subject to rigorous scrutiny by regulatory authorities. These rates must conform to principles of transparency, explainability, and ethical considerations. Consequently, the act of pricing transcends mere statistical calculations and carries the weight of strategic and societal factors. These multifaceted concerns may drive insurers to establish equitable premiums, taking into account various variables. For instance, regulations mandate the provision of equitable premiums, considering factors such as policyholder gender or mutualist group dynamics in accordance with respective corporate strategies. Age-based premium fairness is also mandated. In certain insurance domains, variables such as the presence of serious illnesses or disabilities are emerging as new dimensions for evaluating fairness. Regardless of the motivating factor prompting an insurer to adopt fairer pricing strategies for a specific variable, the insurer must possess the capability to define, measure, and ultimately mitigate any ethical biases inherent in its pricing practices while upholding standards of consistency and performance. This study seeks to provide a comprehensive set of tools for these endeavors and assess their effectiveness through practical application in the context of automobile insurance.
Derrière l’engouement suscité par l’utilisation de l’intelligence artificielle dans le secteur de l’assurance se cache une réalité plus nuancée. Prenons par exemple l’assurance automobile et l’assurance santé. Les tentatives d’usage de l’intelligence artificielle à des fins de tarification n’y ont pour le moment pas engendré le « changement de paradigme » pourtant annoncé. Pourquoi ? Plusieurs raisons peuvent être invoquées, qui vont des fondamentaux de l’assurance au choix assumé de certains assureurs de ne pas toucher à la mutualisation des risques, dans un contexte marqué par deux tendances opposées : la recherche par les consommateurs de services et produits toujours plus personnalisés et le refus sociétal de solutions qui laisseraient certains individus au bord du chemin de l’assurabilité.
(pour tenir compte des contraintes esthétiques des documents de travail de la chaire (“illustration d’un peintre flamand”), rien de très exotique, et donc merci à l’alchimiste de Jan Havickszoon Steen)
I just want to mention the very nice work of Naël Shiab, with a lovely interactive notebook created to help journalists understand math concepts often used in news stories.
Ensuring trust and accountability in Artificial Intelligence systems demands explainability of its outcomes. Despite significant progress in Explainable AI, human biases still taint a substantial portion of its training data, raising concerns about unfairness or discriminatory tendencies. Current approaches in the field of Algorithmic Fairness focus on mitigating such biases in the outcomes of a model, but few attempts have been made to try to explain why a model is biased. To bridge this gap between the two fields, we propose a comprehensive approach that uses optimal transport theory to uncover the causes of discrimination in Machine Learning applications, with a particular emphasis on image classification. We leverage Wasserstein barycenters to achieve fair predictions and introduce an extension to pinpoint bias-associated regions. This allows us to derive a cohesive system which uses the enforced fairness to measure each features influence on the bias.Taking advantage of this interplay of enforcing and explaining fairness, our method hold significant implications for the development of trustworthy and unbiased AI systems, fostering transparency, accountability, and fairness in critical decision-making scenarios across diverse domains.
Algorithmic fairness has gained prominence due to societal and regulatory concerns about biases in Machine Learning models. Common group fairness metrics like Equalized Odds for classification or Demographic Parity for both classification and regression are widely used and a host of computationally advantageous post-processing methods have been developed around them. However, these metrics often limit users from incorporating domain knowledge. Despite meeting traditional fairness criteria, they can obscure issues related to intersectional fairness and even replicate unwanted intra-group biases in the resulting fair solution. To avoid this narrow perspective, we extend the concept of Demographic Parity to incorporate distributional properties in the predictions, allowing expert knowledge to be used in the fair solution. We illustrate the use of this new metric through a practical example of wages, and develop a parametric method that efficiently addresses practical challenges like limited training data and constraints on total spending, offering a robust solution for real-life applications.
"sendo l'intento mio scrivere cosa utile a chi la intende…"
