Rationality, and MS Excel (and other calculators)

This morning, Mathieu had a nice experience in his course on computational method in actuarial science. But let us start with some mathematical formal definitions.

First, recall that https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?y^x is – somehow – a standard expression. No one should be surprised to see such an expression. Generally (as explained in http://en.wikipedia.org/… ), this function is defined only when https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?y\in\mathbb{R}_+. The idea is that the definition of https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?y^x is that

https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?y^x%20=%20\exp\left(x\log[y]\right)

And it is a definition. Such a function exists only if https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?y\in\mathbb{R}_+ (maybe excluding https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?0). This would be a standard definition in real-analysis.

Now, this ‘power’ function appears also in complex analysis, when dealing with unit roots. From instance, if  https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?z=y^{\frac{1}{k}}e^{i%20\frac{2n\pi}{k}}, where https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?y\in\mathbb{R}_+ and https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?k\in\mathbb{N}_\star, for some https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?n\in\mathbb{N}, then https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?z^k=y. Thus, in complex-analysis it might be more complex to define properly https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?y^x since it might not be unique. But we can relate (sometimes, when https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x is the inverse of an integer, or maybe a rational number ?) with roots of polynomial functions. So far, nothing new…

Let us get back to Mathieu’s problem. Actually, in his course, he wanted to compute https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?(-8)^{\frac{1}{3}}. With a French version of Excel, entering

you do get https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?-2. If you look at the ‘help’ window, you have some more details

It looks like this hat function can be used to define objects such as https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?y^x. But with

you get

(meaning that this is a problem…). It is also possible to use the power (puissance in French) function of Excel,

Here, you also get

The weird part here is that, in the ‘help’ window, you can read that this power function can be used with any number in https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?\mathbb{R}.

Another point… what about  ? Somehow, it is just the square of the previous one (with the fraction)… Here, typing

you get

(similarly with the power function). So clearly, it is not that simple to use this power function. Now, if you use Google (which is now my new online calculator when I am in class, when I cannot use R), if the power is a fraction (or to be more specific the inverse of an integer), then it works as Excel

 

you get

 But if you type (which should be close, from a continuity property of the power function)

 

you get

and similarly

On Wolfram Mathworld, enter

Mathematica does recognize that we try to deal with unit roots: the result is here

with – as expected – a numerical approximation

With Matlab, Mathieu did obtain the same as Mathematica (its decimal approximation). And to conclude, with R, Mathieu did obtain

> (-8)^(1/3)
[1] NaN
> (-8)^(.333333333333333)
[1] NaN

So for R, you cannot use this hat function on negative numbers.

Now, how can we interpret those outputs ?

1) My understanding is that clearly, with MS Excel, https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x^{ab}\neq%20\left(x^a\right)^bsince

https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?(-8)^{\frac{2}{3}}\neq%20\left((-8)^{\frac{1}{3}}\right)^2

which is problematic. For instance, in insurance, with monthly discounts, we do have functions like https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?u^{\frac{k}{12}}. What if

https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?u^{\frac{k}{12}}\neq%20\left(u^{\frac{1}{12}}\right)^k

2) The problem comes – probably (MS Excel is not an open software, so it might be hard to check) –  from the fact that https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?y^{\frac{1}{n}} is interpreted as an inverse of a (possibly) bijective function. To be more specific, https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x=y^{\frac{1}{n}} means that https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x^n=y. When https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?n is an odd integer, then (in real-analysis) there is a unique inverse, and thus, https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?y^{\frac{1}{n}} is uniquely defined, since https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x\mapsto%20x^n is a bijective https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R} function. This is what MS Excel (and Google) is doing: https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x\mapsto%20x^3 is a bijective https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?\mathbb{R}\rightarrow\mathbb{R} function, so https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?(-8)^{\frac{1}{3}} means that we need to find the unique (real) value https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x such that https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x^3=-8. Thus, somehow, it makes sense to return https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?-2.

3) There is still a problem with Google, and Mathematica. That is fine to return unit roots in https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?\mathbb{C}. But how comes there is only one value ? I mean, yes https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?1+\sqrt{3}%20\%20i is a possible answer, since

https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?(1+\sqrt{3}%20\%20i)^3=-8

but one can also observe that , and similarly, https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?(-2)^3=-8 and

https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?(1-\sqrt{3}%20\%20i)^3=-8

One can check with

With R, since we do not deal with power function here, but with roots, if we want to find https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x such that https://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?x^3=-8, the function is

> polyroot(c(8,0,0,1))
[1]  1+1.732051i -2+0.000000i  1-1.732051i

Which is different… Weird isn’t it ?