Usually, when I give a course on GLMs, I try to insist on the fact that the link function is probably more important than the distribution. In order to illustrate, consider the following dataset, with 5 observations

x = c(1,2,3,4,5) y = c(1,2,4,2,6) base = data.frame(x,y)

Then consider several model, with various distributions, and either an identity link (and in that case $\mathbb{E}[Y|\mathbf{X}=\mathbf{x}]=\mathbf{x}^T\mathbf{\beta}$) or a log link function (so that $\mathbb{E}[Y|\mathbf{X}=\mathbf{x}]=e^{\mathbf{x}^T\mathbf{\beta}}$)

regNId = glm(y~x,family=gaussian(link="identity"),data=base) regNlog = glm(y~x,family=gaussian(link="log"),data=base) regPId = glm(y~x,family=poisson(link="identity"),data=base) regPlog = glm(y~x,family=poisson(link="log"),data=base) regGId = glm(y~x,family=Gamma(link="identity"),data=base) regGlog = glm(y~x,family=Gamma(link="log"),data=base) regIGId = glm(y~x,family=inverse.gaussian(link="identity"),data=base) regIGlog = glm(y~x,family=inverse.gaussian(link="log"),data=base

One can also consider some Tweedie distribution, to be even more general

library(statmod) regTwId = glm(y~x,family=tweedie(var.power=1.5,link.power=1),data=base) regTwlog = glm(y~x,family=tweedie(var.power=1.5,link.power=0),data=base)

Consider the prediction obtained in the first case, with the linear link function

library(RColorBrewer) darkcols = brewer.pal(8, "Dark2") plot(x,y,pch=19) abline(regNId,col=darkcols[1]) abline(regPId,col=darkcols[2]) abline(regGId,col=darkcols[3]) abline(regIGId,col=darkcols[4]) abline(regTwId,lty=2)

The predictions are very very close, aren’t they ? In the case of the exponential prediction, we obtain

plot(x,y,pch=19) u=seq(.8,5.2,by=.01) lines(u,predict(regNlog,newdata=data.frame(x=u),type="response"),col=darkcols[1]) lines(u,predict(regPlog,newdata=data.frame(x=u),type="response"),col=darkcols[2]) lines(u,predict(regGlog,newdata=data.frame(x=u),type="response"),col=darkcols[3]) lines(u,predict(regIGlog,newdata=data.frame(x=u),type="response"),col=darkcols[4]) lines(u,predict(regTwlog,newdata=data.frame(x=u),type="response"),lty=2)

We can actually look closer. For instance, in the linear case, consider the slope obtained with a Tweedie model (that will include all the parametric familes mentioned here, actually)

pente=function(gamma) summary(glm(y~x,family=tweedie(var.power=gamma,link.power=1),data=base))$coefficients[2,1:2] Vgamma = seq(-.5,3.5,by=.05) Vpente = Vectorize(pente)(Vgamma) plot(Vgamma,Vpente[1,],type="l",lwd=3,ylim=c(.965,1.03),xlab="power",ylab="slope") The slope here is always very very close to one ! Even more if we add a confidence interval plot(Vgamma,Vpente[1,]) lines(Vgamma,Vpente[1,]+1.96*Vpente[2,],lty=2) lines(Vgamma,Vpente[1,]-1.96*Vpente[2,],lty=2) Heuristically, for the Gamma regression, or the Inverse Gaussian one, because the variance is a power of the prediction, if the prediction is small (here on the left), the variance should be small. So, on the left of the graph, the error should be small with a higher power for the variance function. And that’s indeed what we observe here erreur=function(gamma) predict(glm(y~x,family=tweedie(var.power=gamma,link.power=1),data=base),newdata=data.frame(x=1),type="response")-y[x==1] Verreur = Vectorize(erreur)(Vgamma) plot(Vgamma,Verreur,type="l",lwd=3,ylim=c(-.1,.04),xlab="power",ylab="error") abline(h=0,lty=2) Of course, we can do the same with the exponential models pente=function(gamma) summary(glm(y~x,family=tweedie(var.power=gamma,link.power=0),data=base))$coefficients[2,1:2] Vpente = Vectorize(pente)(Vgamma) plot(Vgamma,Vpente[1,],type="l",lwd=3)

or, if we add the confidence bands, we obtain

plot(Vgamma,Vpente[1,],ylim=c(0,.8),type="l",lwd=3,xlab="power",ylab="slope") lines(Vgamma,Vpente[1,]+1.96*Vpente[2,],lty=2) lines(Vgamma,Vpente[1,]-1.96*Vpente[2,],lty=2)

So here also, the “slope” is rather similar… And if we look at the error we make on the left part of the graph, we obtain

erreur=function(gamma) predict(glm(y~x,family=tweedie(var.power=gamma,link.power=0),data=base),newdata=data.frame(x=1),type="response")-y[x==1] Verreur = Vectorize(erreur)(Vgamma) plot(Vgamma,Verreur,type="l",lwd=3,ylim=c(.001,.32),xlab="power",ylab="error")

So my point is that the distribution is usually not the most important point on GLMs, even if chapters of books on GLMs are distribution based… But as mentioned in an another post, if you consider a nonlinear transformation, like we have with GAMs, the story is more complicated…

## One thought on “GLMs: link vs. distribution”

1. tony says:

Howefer it is much easier to relate to insurance Poisson and canonical links then discuss the link function which may overfit anyway!

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